Learn to recognize problems in R test code that cause your test suite to pass while hiding real bugs. Detect those issues and start writing more trustworthy tests.

1. Introduction & Theoretical Framework In modern electronic trading markets, algorithmic execution engines drive the vast majority of institutional order flows. Evaluating whether these independent, learning-driven trading algorithms behave competitively or tacitly coordinate has become a critical challenge for quantitative compliance, market microstructure design, and risk management. This technical article implements an …